By David Leonhardt

Good morning. Many experts expect Covid caseloads to rise soon. Here are four steps to protect people.

Minimizing the toll

The BA.2 subvariant — an even more contagious version of Omicron — has already caused Covid-19 cases to rise across much of Europe. In the U.S., caseloads have held steady over the past week, ending two months of sharp declines, and many experts expect increases soon.

Today's newsletter looks at four promising strategies for minimizing Covid's toll in the coming months.

1. More boosters

Dr. Aaron Richterman, an infectious-disease specialist in Philadelphia, regularly sees patients who have been vaccinated against Covid but have not received a booster shot. Some are not aware they are eligible for a booster. Others have heard about boosters but are not interested. "I just feel like I don't need it," one patient — an older man — recently told Richterman.

That attitude is common. Almost one-quarter of U.S. adults have been vaccinated but have not received a booster shot, according to Kaiser Family Foundation surveys. (Any American who was vaccinated more than six months ago is eligible.)

These vaccinated-but-unboosted Americans are clearly open to receiving a Covid shot. And many would benefit significantly from getting boosted. Without a booster, immunity tends to wane. With a booster, people are even more protected than they were shortly after receiving a second shot, data shows.

Consider the numbers from California, which publishes detailed data by vaccination status. For every million boosted Californians, fewer than two have been hospitalized with Covid at any given time recently:

"I remain most worried about lack of booster uptake among the elderly and the immunocompromised," Jennifer Nuzzo, a Johns Hopkins University epidemiologist, told me.

Many Americans still have not gotten this message, though. What might help? A prominent public-service campaign, focused specifically on booster shots rather than vaccination, could. So could encouragement from politically conservative voices. Fewer than 30 percent of Republican adults have received a booster; many Republicans have not received even a first shot.

"The most powerful weapon we have, by far, is vaccination," Richterman told me, "and that includes first doses, second doses and third doses."

What about fourth doses (that is, second booster shots)? The Biden administration will soon begin offering them to anybody 50 or older. The evidence suggests that these shots may offer additional protection but that they are less important than first booster shots, as Katelyn Jetelina, an epidemiologist, has explained in her newsletter.

2. The immunocompromised

For a small percentage of Americans, vaccination is impossible or ineffective. This group includes people who are receiving cancer treatments and those who have received certain organ transplants.

Fortunately, a drug now exists that may help many of them. It is an injection called Evusheld, developed by AstraZeneca with help from government funding. It appears to provide months of protection, and the Biden administration has ordered enough doses to treat 850,000 people.

But about 80 percent of the available doses are sitting unused, in warehouses, pharmacies and hospitals, my colleagues Amanda Morris and Sheryl Gay Stolberg have reported. Among the reasons: Many patients are unaware of Evusheld's existence. Some doctors are uncertain about who qualifies. Some hospitals are refusing to dispense it to eligible patients, saving it for people who they think might benefit more from it.

"The biggest problem is that there is absolutely no guidance or prioritization or any rollout in place at all," Dr. Dorry Segev of N.Y.U. Langone Health told The Times. "It's been a mess."

Biden administration officials have been working with state officials, hospitals, doctors and patient advocates to clear up the uncertainty. They have a long way to go.

3. Post-infection treatments

A knowledge gap is also hampering the distribution of Paxlovid — a post-infection treatment from Pfizer that seems to sharply reduce the chances a Covid illness will become severe. It is most effective when prescribed shortly after symptoms begin, but many Americans do not know it exists.

The good news is that Paxlovid has become more widely available in recent weeks. If you are in a high-risk group and get infected with Covid, you should immediately talk with a doctor. (Here's an explainer.)

One thing to keep in mind: The government has so far authorized Paxlovid only for high-risk people, like those 65 and older or those with serious underlying medical conditions. I know that many Americans, especially liberal Democrats, are nervous about their own Covid risk and may be tempted to seek out Paxlovid.

But the risk of developing severe Covid for most people who are boosted remains very low, as the chart above shows. And the current supply of Paxlovid is not large enough to treat anywhere near everybody who gets infected, especially if cases rise. "Our supply is fragile," Dr. Scott Dryden-Peterson of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston told Bloomberg News.

If many younger, otherwise healthy people rush to get a Paxlovid prescription, they may effectively be taking doses from vulnerable people.

4. Masks

Broad mask mandates have not done much to prevent Omicron's spread. Too many people wear low-quality masks or take them off at times, and Omicron is so contagious that it takes advantage of these gaps.

But masks can still help reduce Covid's spread:

• They are especially helpful in hospitals and nursing homes, where high-quality masks can be required and where many people are vulnerable.
• Masks also make sense for people who have returned to work or school five to 10 days after a Covid infection, Dr. Shira Doron of Tufts Medical Center says.
• Anybody who is personally anxious about Covid, for any reason, can wear a mask, too, Dr. Tom Frieden, a former C.D.C. director, notes. A high-quality mask will protect the wearer even if others nearby are maskless.

The bottom line

All four of these steps have small costs and large benefits.

They avoid contributing to the pandemic's continuing crisis of isolation and disruption, like closing classrooms and keeping children home from school for weeks on end. And they can save lives. Covid's official death toll in the U.S. has already exceeded 975,000. But given the availability of vaccine shots and other treatments, the vast majority of deaths are now avoidable.

THE LATEST NEWS

• Russia has intensified its attacks on a few vulnerable cities, including Mariupol and Chernihiv, in what some believe is an attempt to split Ukraine.
• But around Kyiv, Russia is withdrawing some troops to regroup in Belarus.
• Western leaders distanced themselves from President Biden's ad-libbed remark that Vladimir Putin "cannot remain in power." Many fear Putin may expand the war if he thinks the West is seeking regime change in Russia.
• Volodymyr Zelensky spoke to Russian journalists for 90 minutes. Moscow squashed the interview, but journalists outside Russia published it.

• Russian shelling damaged a Holocaust memorial near Kharkiv.
• Ukrainian health officials worry the war will reverse decades of progress, including against H.I.V. and tuberculosis.
• Climate change and Russian aggression have led the U.S. military to stake out a presence in the Arctic.
• Russian and Ukrainian delegations will hold another round of peace talks in Turkey.

• Best picture went to "CODA," about a hearing child of deaf parents. The top acting awards went to Jessica Chastain and Will Smith.
• Moments before winning, Smith walked onto the stage and hit Chris Rock in the face over a joke about his wife, Jada Pinkett Smith.
• Troy Kotsur became the first deaf man to win an acting Oscar for his role in "CODA."
• Here are all the winners and looks from the red carpet.

• Israel hosted a summit with four Arab countries and the U.S., a sign of a realignment among Middle Eastern powers driven by fears of a nuclear Iran.
• Gangs in El Salvador killed at least 62 people, gunning down anyone on the street.
• Maryland, Georgia and Connecticut are suspending gas taxes. Other states may follow.
• Senator Joe Manchin has long helped a West Virginia power plant that is the sole customer of his private coal business. Along the way, he blocked ambitious climate action.
• Duke and North Carolina will meet in the men's Final Four — their first encounter in the N.C.A.A. tournament.

Family teatime, backyard fires and hiking: Tish Harrison Warren on the pandemic habits she wants to keep.

Gail Collins and Bret Stephens discuss Ginni Thomas, Biden's handling of the war in Ukraine and more.

Your support makes our journalism possible.

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MORNING READS

News anchor: Chris Wallace reflects on leaving Fox News.

Quiz time: The average score on our latest news quiz was 8.8. Can you beat it?

A Times classic: How to revive a friendship.

Advice from Wirecutter: Tips for securing your Mac or PC.

Lives Lived: Martin Pope's research laid the foundation for organic light-emitting diodes, or OLEDs, now used in mobile phones, solar panels and televisions. He died at 103.

ARTS AND IDEAS

Andy's world

Decades after his death, Andy Warhol is still everywhere. The artist is the subject of an exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum, several theatrical works and a Netflix documentary series. A play in London, "The Collaboration" — about his relationship with Jean-Michel Basquiat — is being adapted for the big screen.

While the Brooklyn Museum exhibition, which runs until June 19, spotlights Warhol's faith and Catholic upbringing, the Netflix series "The Andy Warhol Diaries" offers a closer look at his romantic relationships and queer identity. "Together," Laura Zornosa writes in The Times, "the works create a kaleidoscopic portrait of the human beneath the white wig."

PLAY, WATCH, EAT

These chipotle chicken tacos may be the easiest you ever make.

Because sometimes a novel is too much, try these short-story collections.

Some breezy, light folk tunes by the New Zealand singer Aldous Harding.

The pangram from yesterday's Spelling Bee was pompadour. Here is today's puzzle — or you can play online.

Here's today's Wordle. Here's today's Mini Crossword, and a clue: Gossip material (five letters).

If you're in the mood to play more, find all our games here.

Thanks for spending part of your morning with The Times. See you tomorrow. — David

Correction: Friday's newsletter incorrectly described two details in a Russian attack in Ukraine. Anna Sevidova was injured after she had emerged from hiding in a basement (not while still in there), and the house she crawled through after being injured had not collapsed.

P.S. The Times won its first Oscar for the documentary short "The Queen of Basketball."

Here's today's front page.

"The Daily" is about Ukrainian refugees.

Claire Moses, Ian Prasad Philbrick, Tom Wright-Piersanti, Ashley Wu and Sanam Yar contributed to The Morning. You can reach the team at themorning@nytimes.com.

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